The Constitution of the Italian Republic was born from the work of a committee of 75 essays that January 31, 1947 underwent a text that the Constituent Assembly, after consideration of numerous amendments, was approved December 22, 1947. The Constitution was signed by President Enrico De Nicola and countersigned by the Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi and the President of the Constituent Assembly, Umberto Terracini.
The Provisional Head of State, View the decision of the Constituent Assembly, which at its meeting on 22 December 1947 approved the Constitution of the Italian Republic of the XVIII final provision of the Constitution, promulgates
The Constitution of the Italian Republic in the following text:
Principles Fundamental
1. Italy is a democratic republic founded on work. The sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised in the manner and within the limits of the Constitution.
2. The Republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable rights of man, as an individual and in social groups where he expresses his personality, and demands the fulfillment of the mandatory duties of political solidarity, economic and social development.
3. All citizens have equal social dignity and are tied before the law, without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinion, personal and social conditions. It is the responsibility of the Republic to remove those barriers economic and social nature which constrain the freedom and equality of citizens, prevent the full development of the human person and the effective participation of all workers in the political, economic and social development of the country.
4. The Republic recognizes all citizens the right to work and promotes conditions to fulfill this right. Every citizen has a duty to perform according to their ability and individual choice, activity or function that contributes to the material or spiritual progress of society.
5. The Republic, one and indivisible, recognizes and promotes local autonomies, and implements services that depend on the State broader decentralization administrative, adapting the principles and methods of its legislation to the requirements of autonomy and decentralization.
6. The Republic protects linguistic minorities with special rules.
7. The State and the Catholic Church are, each in its own, independent and sovereign. Their relations are regulated by the Lateran Pacts. Changes to the Treaties, accepted by both parties, does not require the procedure for constitutional amendment.
8. All religious confessions are equally free before the law. The religious denominations other than Catholic have the right to organize in accordance with its statutes, are not in conflict with the Italian legal system. Their relations with the State are regulated per legge sulla base di intese con le relative rappresentanze.
9. La Repubblica promuove lo sviluppo della cultura e la ricerca scientifica e tecnica. Tutela il paesaggio e il suo patrimonio storico e artistico della Nazione.
10. L'ordinamento giuridico italiano si conforma alle norme del diritto internazionale generalmente riconosciute. La condizione giuridica dello straniero è regolata dalla legge in conformità delle norme e dei trattati internazionali. Lo straniero, al quale sia impedito nel suo paese l'effettivo esercizio delle libertà democratiche garantite dalla Costituzione italiana, ha diritto d'asilo nel territorio della Repubblica, secondo le condizioni stabilite dalla legge. Non è ammessa l'estradizione dello straniero per reati politici.
11. L'Italia ripudia la guerra come strumento di offesa alla libertà degli altri popoli e come mezzo di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali; consente, in condizioni di parità con gli altri Stati, alle limitazioni di sovranità necessarie ad un ordinamento che assicuri la pace e la giustizia fra le Nazioni; promuove e favorisce le organizzazioni internazionali rivolte a tale scopo.
12. La bandiera della Repubblica è il tricolore italiano: verde, bianco e rosso, a tre bande verticali di eguali dimensioni.
Parte prima. Diritti e doveri dei cittadini
Titolo 1. Rapporti civili
13. La libertà personale è inviolable. It is not allowed any form of detention, inspection or personal search or any other restriction of personal liberty, except by a warrant from the court and only in cases and manner provided by law. In exceptional cases of necessity and urgency, strictly defined by law, the public security authorities may take provisional measures, which must be reported within forty-eight hours to the court and, if this not be confirmed in the next forty-eight hours, they are withdrawn and become null and void. Shall be punished any physical violence or moral persons, however, restricted freedom. The law establishes the maximum of preventive detention.
14. The home is inviolable. There may be inspected, searches or seizures. Except in the cases and manner prescribed by law in accordance with the guarantees prescribed for safeguarding personal freedom. Verifications and inspections for reasons of health and safety or for economic and taxation are governed by special laws.
15. The freedom and secrecy of correspondence and of every other form of communication is inviolable. The limitations of these can only be done by a reasoned judicial authority with the guarantees established by law.
16. Every citizen can move and reside freely in any part of the territory national, within the limits established by the law in general for reasons of health or safety. No restrictions may be made for political reasons. Every citizen is free to leave the territory of the Republic and re-enter, unless required by law.
17. Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully and unarmed. For meetings, even in a place open to the public, no notice is required. For meetings in the public notice must be given to the authorities, which may forbid them only for reasons of security or public safety.
18. Citizens have the right to associate freely, without authorization, for purposes which are not forbidden to individuals criminal law. Secret associations are prohibited and those who serve, even indirectly, for political ends by military organizations.
19. Everyone has the right to profess freely their own individually or in groups, to promote them, and in private or in public worship, provided that the rites are not contrary to public morality.
20. The ecclesiastical nature and purpose of religion or belief of an association or institution may not be a cause for special limitations in law, or for special taxation for its constitution, legal status or any of its activities.
21. Everyone has the right to express freely their ideas con la parola, lo scritto e ogni altro mezzo di diffusione. La stampa non può essere soggetta ad autorizzazioni o censure. Si può procedere a sequestro soltanto per atto motivato dell'autorità giudiziaria nel caso di delitti, per i quali la legge sulla stampa espressamente lo autorizzi, o nel caso di violazione delle norme che la legge stessa prescriva per l'indicazione dei responsabili. In tali casi, quando vi sia assoluta urgenza e non sia possibile il tempestivo intervento della autorità giudiziaria, il sequestro della stampa periodica può essere eseguito da ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria, che devono immediatamente, e non mai oltre ventiquattro ore, fare denunzia all'autorità giudiziaria. Se questa non lo convalida nelle ventiquattrore later, the seizure means withdrawn and null and void effect. The law may establish, by general rules, which are known means of finance magazines. Are prohibited publications, shows and events contrary to public morality. The law establishes appropriate measures to prevent and punish violations.
22. No one shall be deprived for political reasons of legal status, citizenship or name.
23. No Personal or property may be imposed except by law.
24. Everyone can take legal action to protect their legitimate rights and interests. The right to defense is and inviolable at every stage of the proceedings. Are guaranteed to the poor, through appropriate institutions, the means to act and defense in each jurisdiction. The law determines the conditions and means for the redress of miscarriages of justice.
25. No person shall be withheld by the court previously ascertained by law. No one can be punished except by virtue of a law is in force before the offense was committed. No one shall be subjected to security measures except in cases provided by law.
26. The extradition of a citizen is permitted only in cases expressly provided for in international conventions. Under no circumstances be permitted for political crimes.
27. Criminal responsibility is personal. The defendant is not considered guilty until the final sentence. Punishment can not consist of treatment contrary to human dignity and must aim at rehabilitating the offender. It is not permitted the death penalty, except in cases provided by the military laws of war.
28. Officials and employees of the State and public entities are directly responsible, under criminal, civil and administrative law, for acts committed in violation of rights. In such cases, civil liability extends to the State and public bodies.
Title II. Ethic, social
29. The Republic recognizes the rights of the family as natural society founded on marriage. Matrimony is the moral and legal equality of spouses within the limits prescribed by law and guarantee family unity.
30. It is the duty and right of parents to support and educate their children even if born out of wedlock. In the case of incapacity of the parents, the law provides for the fulfillment of their duties. The law ensures to children born out of wedlock every legal and social protection, compatible with the rights of members of the legitimate family. The law lays down the rules and limitations for the determination of paternity.
31. The republic and other economic measures facilitates the formation of the family and the fulfillment of tasks relating, in particular with regard to large families. Protects mothers, children and youth, promoting the institutions necessary for that purpose.
32. The Republic protects health as a fundamental right of the individual and collective interest, and guarantees free medical care to the indigent. Nobody can be forced to a specific medical treatment unless required by law. The law may in no case violate the limits imposed by respect for the human person.
33. The art and science are free and they have free education. The Republic lays down general rules for education and establishes state schools for all orders and degrees. Public and private persons have the right to establish schools and colleges of education, without cost to the State. The law, in fixing the rights and obligations of non-state schools which request parity, must ensure that these schools full freedom and their pupils an education equal to that of pupils in state schools. Are prescribed examination for admission to the various types and grades of schools or their termination and for certification in the practice. Institutions of higher learning, universities and academies, have the right to their own regulations within the limits established by State law.
34. The school is open to all. The lower education for at least eight years, is compulsory and free. Capable and deserving even without financial resources, have the right to attain the highest levels of education. The Republic makes this right by scholarships, allowances to families and other provisions, which shall be assigned through competitive examinations.
Title III. Economic Reports
35. The Republic protects work in all its forms and applications. For the training and professional advancement of workers. It promotes and encourages international agreements and international organizations aimed at establishing and regulating labor rights. It recognizes the freedom of emigration, subject to the obligations established by law in general, and protects Italian workers abroad.
36. The employee is entitled to a remuneration commensurate with the quantity and quality of their work and in any case sufficient to ensure them and their families a free and dignified. The maximum working day is fixed by law. The employee is entitled to a weekly rest and paid annual holidays, and can not waive this right.
37. Working women have equal rights and equal work, the same wages to the employee. Working conditions must allow women to fulfill their essential role in the family and bring to a special mother and child adequate protection. The law sets the minimum age for paid work. The Republic protects the work of children with special norme e garantisce ad essi, a parità di lavoro, il diritto alla parità di retribuzione.
38. Ogni cittadino inabile al lavoro e sprovvisto dei mezzi necessari per vivere ha diritto al mantenimento e all'assistenza sociale. I lavoratori hanno diritto che siano preveduti ed assicurati mezzi adeguati alle loro esigenze di vita in caso di infortunio, malattia, invalidità e vecchiaia, disoccupazione involontaria. Gli inabili ed i minorati hanno diritto all'educazione e all'avviamento professionale. Ai compiti previsti in questo articolo provvedono organi ed istituti predisposti o integrati dallo Stato. L'assistenza privata è libera.
39. L'organizzazione sindacale è libera. Ai sindacati non può essere imposto altro obligations other than the registration of local or central offices, according to the law. It is a condition of registration that the statutes of the trade unions to establish their internal democratic basis. Registered trade unions are legal persons. They may, through a unified representation in proportion to their membership, collective labor contracts with binding force for all apartments to the categories under which the contract relates.
40. The right to strike is exercised within the laws that regulate it.
41. Private economic initiative is free. There shall not be inconsistent with the social utility or in a manner that could damage safety, freedom, alla dignità umana. La legge determina i programmi e i controlli opportuni perché l'attività economica pubblica e privata possa essere indirizzata e coordina ai fini sociali.
42. La proprietà è pubblica o privata. I beni economici appartengono allo Stato, ad enti o a privati. La proprietà privata è riconosciuta e garantita dalla legge, che ne determina i modi di acquisto, di godimento e i limiti allo scopo di assicurarne la funzione sociale e di renderla accessibile a tutti. La proprietà privata può essere, nei casi preveduti dalla legge, e salvo indennizzo, espropriata per motivi d'interesse generale. La legge stabilisce le norme ed i limiti della successione legittima e testamentaria e i diritti dello Stato sulle inheritance.
43. For the sake of general utility the law may reserve or transfer, by means of expropriation and compensation, the State, to public institutions or community workers or members of specific enterprises or categories of enterprises, which relate to essential public services or energy sources or monopolistic situations and have the nature of primary interest.
44. In order to achieve a rational exploitation of land and equitable social relationships, the law imposes obligations and constraints on private ownership of land, sets limitations to the second extension regions and agricultural areas, encourages and imposes land reclamation, the transformation the estates and the reorganization production units, assists small and medium-sized holdings. The law makes provisions in mountain areas.
45. The Republic recognizes the social function of co-operation of mutual aid and not for private speculation. The law promotes and encourages them through appropriate means and shall, through appropriate controls, the character and purpose. The law provides for the protection and development of crafts.
46. With the objective of economic and social work in harmony with the needs of production, the Republic recognizes the right of workers to collaborate in the manner and within the limits established by law, the management of enterprises.
47. The Republic encourages and safeguards savings in all its forms, discipline, control and coordinate the provision of credit. Promotes the access of direct ownership savings to farmers and the direct and indirect investment in shares of the large production complexes in the country.
Title IV. Political relations
48. All voters are citizens, men and women who have come of age. The vote is personal and equal, free and secret. Its exercise is a civic duty. The right to vote can not be restricted except for civil incapacity or as a result of irrevocable penal sentence or in cases of moral unworthiness established by law.
49. All i cittadini hanno diritto di associarsi liberamente in partiti per concorrere con metodo democratico a determinare la politica nazionale.
50. Tutti i cittadini possono rivolgere petizioni alle Camere per chiede provvedimenti legislativi o esporre comuni necessità.
51. Tutti i cittadini dell'uno o dell'altro sesso possono accedere agli uffici pubblici e alle cariche elettive in condizioni di eguaglianza, secondo i requisiti stabiliti dalla legge. La legge può, per l'ammissione ai pubblici uffici e alle cariche elettive, parificare ai cittadini gli italiani non appartenenti alla Repubblica. Chi è chiamato a funzioni pubbliche elettive ha diritto di disporre del tempo necessario al loro adempimento e di conservare il suo posto di lavoro.
52. La difesa della Patria è sacro dovere del cittadino. Il servizio militare è obbligatorio nei limiti e modi stabiliti dalla legge. Il suo adempimento non pregiudica la posizione di lavoro del cittadino, né l'esercizio dei diritti politici. L'ordinamento delle Forze armate si informa allo spirito democratico della Repubblica. 53. Tutti sono tenuti a concorrere alle spese pubbliche in ragione della loro capacità contributiva. Il sistema tributario è informato ai criteri di progressività.
54. Tutti i cittadini hanno il dovere di essere fedeli alla Repubblica e di osservare la Costituzione e le leggi. I cittadini cui sono affidate funzioni pubbliche hanno il dovere di adempierle con disciplina ed onore, prestando giuramento in the cases determined by law.
Part Two. Laws of the Republic
Title I. Parliament
Section I. Rooms
55. The Parliament consists of the Chamber of Deputies of the Senate. Parliament meets in joint session the members of both Houses only in cases established by the Constitution.
56. The Chamber of Deputies is elected by direct universal suffrage. The number of Deputies is six hundred. Members are eligible to all voters on election day have attained the age of twenty five years of age. The distribution of seats among the constituencies is obtained by dividing the number of population of the Republic, as shown by the general population census, for six hundred thirty and distributing the seats in proportion to the population of each constituency, on the basis of whole shares and the highest remainders.
57. The Senate is elected on a regional basis. The number of Senators to be elected is three hundred. No region can have fewer than seven senators, the Molise has two, the Valle d'Aosta one. The distribution of seats among the Regions, after applying the provisions of the preceding paragraph is made in proportion to the population of the regions as shown by the latest general census, on the basis of whole shares and the highest remainders.
58. Senators are elected by direct universal suffrage by voters who passed the twenty-fifth birthday. Senators are eligible to be voters who have reached their fortieth year.
59. Senators by right and for life unless they renounce, he was President of the Republic. The President may appoint senators for life five citizens who have honored the outstanding achievements in the social, scientific, artistic and literary.
60. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate are elected for five years. The duration of each House can not be extended except by law and only in case of war.
61. Elections for the new Houses will take place within seventy days from the end of the above. The first meeting shall take place no later than twenty days after the elections. Until such time as the new rooms are extended powers of the previous.
62. The Chambers meet by right on the first day of February and October. Each House may be convened in extraordinary session on the initiative of the President or the President of the Republic or a third of its members. When we convened in a special room is called in law the other.
63. Each House shall elect from among its members the President and the Bureau. When Parliament meets in joint session, the President and the Bureau are Chamber of Deputies.
64. Each House shall adopt its own rules by absolute majority of its members. The meetings are public, however, each of the Houses and Parliament in session may decide to convene in secret session. The decisions of each House and of Parliament are not valid if not the majority of their constituents, and if not adopted by a majority of those present, unless the Constitution requires a special majority. Members of the Government, though not members of the Houses, have the right, and if requested, the obligation to attend sittings. They shall be heard whenever they so request.
65. The law determines the cases of ineligibility and incompatibility with the office of deputy or senator. No one may belong simultaneously to both chambers.
66. Each House decides the qualifications for admission of its members and the causes of ineligibility and incompatibility.
67. Each member of Parliament represents the Nation and carries out his duties without a binding mandate.
68. Members of Parliament can not be prosecuted for opinions expressed or votes cast in the exercise of their functions. Without authorization from the respective House, any member of Parliament may be prosecuted, nor may they be arrested or otherwise deprived of liberty or subjected to searches personal or home, unless caught in the act of committing a crime for which the warrant is required or the order of capture. Same authorization is required to take under arrest or in detention to keep a member of Parliament in pursuance of a sentence also irrevocable.
69. Members of Parliament shall receive a compensation established by law.
Section II. The formation of laws
70. The legislative function is exercised collectively by both Houses.
71. Legislation is initiated by the government, to each Member of Parliament and to the organs and bodies so empowered by legislators. The people may initiate legislation mediante la proposta, da parte di almeno cinquantamila elettori, di un progetto redatto in articoli.
72. Ogni disegno di legge, presentato ad una Camera è, secondo le norme del suo regolamento, esaminato da una commissione e poi dalla Camera stessa, che l'approva articolo per articolo e con votazione finale. Il regolamento stabilisce procedimenti abbreviati per i disegni di legge dei quali è dichiarata l'urgenza. Può altresì stabilire in quali casi e forme l'esame e l'approvazione dei disegni di legge sono deferiti a commissioni, anche permanenti, composte in modo da rispecchiare la proporzione dei gruppi parlamentari. Anche in tali casi, fino al momento della sua approvazione definitiva, il disegno di legge è rimesso alla Camera, se il Governo o un decimo dei componenti della Camera o un quinto della commissione richiedono che sia discusso o votato dalla Camera stessa oppure che sia sottoposto alla sua approvazione finale con sole dichiarazioni di voto. Il regolamento determina le forme di pubblicità dei lavori delle commissioni. La procedura normale di esame e di approvazione diretta da parte della Camera è sempre adottata per i disegni di legge in materia costituzionale ed elettorale e per quelli di delegazione legislativa, di autorizzazione a ratificare trattati internazionali, di approvazione di bilanci e consuntivi.
73. Le leggi sono promulgate dal Presidente della Repubblica entro un mese dall'approvazione. Se le Camere, ciascuna a maggioranza assoluta dei propri componenti, declare its urgency, the law is promulgated in the period prescribed therein. Laws are published immediately after promulgation and come into force on the fifteenth day following its publication, unless the laws themselves establish a different time.
74. The President of the Republic, before promulgating a law, may a considered opinion to the Chambers calls for a new debate. If the Houses once more pass the bill, it must be promulgated.
75. It is called a popular referendum to approve the repeal, in whole or part, of a law or an act having the force of law when requested by five hundred thousand voters or five regional councils. There shall be no referendum for more tax, budget, amnesty and pardon, the ratification of international treaties. They are entitled to participate in the referendum all citizens eligible to vote for the Chamber of Deputies. The proposal is subject to a referendum is approved if he participated in the voting, the majority of claimants, and if it reaches the majority of the valid votes cast. The law establishes the procedures for conducting a referendum.
76. The exercise of the legislative function may not be delegated to the Government unless the determination of the principles and criteria, and only for a limited time and for specified ends.
77. The government may not, without delegation from the Houses, issue decrees having value of ordinary law. When, in cases of extraordinary need and urgency, the Government shall, under its responsibility, the interim measures with the force of law, should the same day present for conversion to houses which, even if dissolved, and are specially convened meet cavern five days. The decrees lose effect from the beginning, if they are not converted into law within sixty days from their publication. The Chambers may, however, regulate by law the legal relationship established on the basis of the decrees have not been converted.
78. The houses decide the state of war and confer the necessary powers.
79. The amnesty and pardon shall be granted by the President on law of delegation of the Chambers. May not apply to offenses committed after the proposal of the delegation.
80. Chambers authorize by law the ratification of international treaties which are of a political nature, or provides arbitration or legal settlements, or which entail changes to the territory or financial burdens or changes to legislation.
81. The Houses approve annual budgets and accounts submitted by the Government. The provisional budget can not be granted except by law and for periods not exceeding a total of four months. With the law approving the budget it is not possible to introduce new taxes and new expenditures. Any other law involving new or increased expenditures must specify i mezzi per farvi fronte.
82. Ciascuna Camera può disporre inchieste su materie di pubblico interesse. A tale scopo nomina fra i propri componenti una commissione formata in modo da rispecchiare la proporzione dei vari gruppi. La commissione d'inchiesta procede alle indagini e agli esami con gli stessi poteri e le stesse limitazioni dell'autorità giudiziaria.
Titolo II. Il Presidente della Repubblica
83. Il Presidente della Repubblica è eletto dal Parlamento in seduta comune dei suoi membri. All'elezione partecipano tre delegati per ogni Regione eletti dal Consiglio regionale in modo che sia assicurata la rappresentanza delle minoranze. La Valle d'Aosta ha un solo delegato. L'elezione del Presidente the Republic is by secret ballot by a majority of two thirds of the assembly. After the third ballot an absolute majority is sufficient.
84. Can be elected President of the Republic every citizen who has completed fifty years of age and enjoys civil and political rights. The office of President of the Republic is incompatible with any other office. The President and endowments are established by law.
85. The President of the Republic is elected for seven years. Thirty days before the expiration of the term, the President of the Chamber of Deputies shall summon a joint session of parliament and the regional delegates to elect the new President of the Republic. If the Houses are dissolved, o manca meno di tre mesi alla loro cessazione, la elezione ha luogo entro quindici giorni dalla riunione delle Camere nuove. Nel frattempo sono prorogati i poteri del Presidente in carica.
86. Le funzioni del Presidente della Repubblica, in ogni caso che egli non possa adempierle, sono esercitate dal Presidente del Senato. In caso di impedimento permanente o di morte o di dimissioni del Presidente della Repubblica, il Presidente della Camera dei deputati indice la elezione del nuovo Presidente della Repubblica entro quindici giorni, salvo il maggior termine previsto se le Camere sono sciolte o manca meno di tre mesi alla loro cessazione.
87. Il Presidente della Repubblica è il capo dello Stato e rappresenta l'unità nazionale. Può inviare messaggi alle Camere. Indice le elezioni delle nuove Camere e ne fissa la prima riunione. Autorizza la presentazione alle Camere dei disegni di legge di iniziativa del Governo. Promulga le leggi ed emana i decreti aventi valore di legge e i regolamenti. Indice il referendum popolare nei casi previsti dalla Costituzione. Nomina, nei casi indicati dalla legge, i funzionari dello Stato. Accredita e riceve i rappresentanti diplomatici, ratifica i trattati internazionali, previa, quando occorra, l'autorizzazione delle Camere. Ha il comando delle Forze armate, presiede il Consiglio supremo di difesa costituito secondo la legge, dichiara lo stato di guerra deliberato dalle Camere. Presiede il Consiglio superiore della magistratura. Può concedere grazia e commutare le penis. Gives the honors of the Republic.
88. The President of the Republic, having heard the Presidents, dissolve the Chambers or any one of them. May not exercise this right during the last six months of his term.
89. No act of the President of the Republic shall be valid unless countersigned by the Ministers for the proponents, who assume responsibility. The acts which have legislative and other specified by law shall be countersigned by the President of the Council of Ministers.
90. The President of the Republic is not responsible for acts committed in carrying out its duties, except for treason or against the Constitution. In such cases was put in charge of the joint sitting of Parliament by an absolute majority of its members.
91. The President of the Republic, before assuming his duties, shall take an oath of allegiance to the Republic and to uphold the Constitution before Parliament in joint session.
Title III. The Government
Section I. The Council of Ministers
92. The Government of the Republic is made by the Prime Minister and the Ministers who together form the Council of Ministers. The President of the Republic appoints the President of the Council of Ministers and, on his proposal, the Ministers.
93. The President of the Council of Ministers and Ministers, before taking office, shall take an oath before the President of the Republic.
94. The Government must enjoy the confidence of both houses. Each House grants or withdraws its confidence through a reasoned motion and voted by roll call. Within ten days of its formation the Government before the houses to gain confidence. The opposing vote by one or both the Houses against a government proposal does not entail the obligation to resign. A motion of no confidence must be signed by at least one tenth of the members of the House and can not be questioned in the first three days of its presentation.
95. The President of the Council conducts the general policy of the government and is responsible. It maintains the unity of political and administrative policies, promoting and coordinating the activities of ministers. The ministers are collectively responsible for the acts of the Council of Ministers, and individual acts of their departments. The law establishes the Presidency of the Council and shall determine the number, functions and organization of the ministries.
96. The President of the Council of Ministers and the ministers are placed in a state indictment by Parliament in joint session for crimes committed in the exercise of their functions.
Section II. The Public Administration
97. Public offices are organized according to the law, so as to ensure the good conduct and impartiality of the administration. The regulations of the offices have specific spheres of competence, duties and responsibilities of the officials. Employment in public administration is accessed through competitive examinations, except as otherwise provided by law.
98. Civil servants are the exclusive service of the nation. If they are members of Parliament, may not be promoted if not for seniority. The law may establish limitations on the right to become members of political parties in the magistrates, soldiers on active duty, officials and police officers, the diplomatic and consular representatives abroad.
Section III. Subsidiary bodies
99. The National Council of Economy and Labour is composed, as established by law, experts and representatives of the categories, in such proportion as to take account of their numerical and qualitative importance. It is the consultative body of the Chambers and the Government for those matters and functions conferred on him by law. It can initiate legislation and may contribute to drafting economic and social legislation according to the principles and within the limits prescribed by law.
100. The State Council is the consultative body of legal and administrative protection of justice. The Court exercises control of legality of acts of Government, and also subsequent management of the state budget. Participate in the cases and ways established by law, in auditing the financial management of institutions to which the State contributes in the ordinary way. It reports directly to the houses on the results of audits executive. The law ensures the independence of the two institutions and their members to the Government.
Title IV. The Judiciary
Section I. Judiciary
101. Justice is administered in the name of the people. Judges are subject only to the law.
102. The judicial function is exercised by ordinary magistrates empowered and regulated by rules of court. May not be established extraordinary judges or specialized courts. They can only be hosted ordinary judicial bodies specialized sections for specific matters with the participation of qualified citizens to foreign courts. The law regulates the cases and forms of direct participation of the people in the administration of justice.
103. The State Council and other bodies of judicial administration have jurisdiction over the protection against the legitimate interests of the public administration and, in particular matters laid out by law, also of individual rights. The Court of Auditors has jurisdiction in matters of public accounts and in other specified by law. Military tribunals in time of war have the tribunal established by law. In times of peace they have jurisdiction only for military crimes committed by the armed forces apartments.
104. The judiciary is an autonomous and independent of all other powers. The Higher Judicial Council is chaired by the President of the Republic. This includes the right of first president and the attorney general of the Supreme Court. The other members are elected for two-thirds of all the ordinary judges belonging to the various categories, and one third by Parliament in joint session from among university professors in law and lawyers with fifteen years of operation. The council elects a vice-chairman from among the members designated by Parliament. Elected members of the Council remain in office for four years and are not immediately re-elected. They may not, while in office, be registered in professional rolls, nor serve in Parliament or a regional council.
105. The High Council of Magistracy, under the rules of the judicial system, recruitment, assignments and transfers, promotions and disciplinary measures for judges.
106. The appointment of judges for the competition take place. The law allows the appointment of the judiciary, even by election, judges' fees for all functions by single judges. On appointment of the Council of the Judiciary may be called to the office of Supreme council for their outstanding merits, of university professors in law and lawyers with fifteen years of practice and registered in special books for the higher courts.
107. The magistrates are irremovable. Can not be dismissed or removed from office or assigned to other courts or functions unless following a decision of the Supreme Judicial Council, adopted or for reasons of defense and with the guarantees laid down by the judiciary or with their consent. The Minister of Justice has the power to bring disciplinary action. Judges are distinguished only by their different functions. The public prosecutor enjoys the guarantees established in his favor by the rules of the judiciary.
108. The rules governing the judiciary and the judges are established by law. The law ensures the independence of judges of special courts, public prosecutors of those, and of other persons involved in the administration of justice.
109. The court has directly by police.
110. Without the powers of the High Council of the Judiciary, the Minister of Justice, the organization of services related to justice.
Section II. Jurisdiction rules
111. All judicial decisions must be motivated. Against sentences and against measures on personal freedom pronounced by ordinary courts or special, it is always possible to appeal to the Supreme Court for violation of the law. You can waive this rule only to the judgments of military courts in wartime. Against the decision of the State Council and the Court of Auditors on appeal to the Supreme Court is permitted only for reasons of jurisdiction.
112. The public prosecutor has the obligation to prosecute.
113. Against acts of public administration is always permitted judicial protection of rights and legitimate interests before the organs of ordinary or administrative. Such judicial protection can not be excluded merely the particular remedies or to certain categories of acts. The law determines which judicial bodies are empowered to annul acts of government in the circumstances and the consequences provided by law.
Title V. The regions, provinces, municipalities
114. The Republic was divided into regions, provinces and municipalities.
115. The regions are composed of autonomous institutions in its powers and functions in accordance with the principles laid down in the Constitution.
116. In Sicily, Sardinia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Valle d'Aosta are assigned forms and conditions of autonomy, according to special statutes adopted by constitutional law.
117. The Region shall issue to the following matters legislation within the limits of the fundamental principles established by the laws of the State, provided that those rules do not conflict with the national interest and that of other regions: sorting offices and administrative bodies belonging to the Region ; municipal districts, local police urban and rural markets and fairs, charity and public hospital and health care, education and craft training and educational assistance; museums and libraries of local bodies, town planning, tourism and hospitality industry, tram and bus lines d ' regional interest, viability, aqueducts and public works of regional interest, navigation and lake ports, mineral and thermal waters, quarries and peat bogs, hunting, inland fishing, agriculture and forestry, handicrafts, other matters referred by constitutional laws. The laws of the Republic may delegate to the Region the power to issue rules for their implementation.
118. Each region of the administrative functions for the materials listed in the preceding Article, except those of purely local interest, which can be attached by the laws of the Republic to the provinces, municipalities or other local authorities. The state may by law delegate to the Region of the exercise of other administrative functions. The region normally carries out its administrative functions Delegation to the provinces, municipalities or other local authorities, or by using their offices.
119. The regions have financial autonomy in the manner and within the limits established by the laws of the Republic, who shall coordinate with the finance of the state, provinces and municipalities. Regions are assigned their own taxes and share of central government taxes, in relation to the needs of the regions for the expenses necessary to carry out their normal functions. To provide for specific purposes, and particularly to exploit the South and the Islands, the state law assigns to the special contributions of individual regions. The region has its own state property and assets, as stipulated by the Law of the Republic.
120. The Regions may not import duties or export or transit between the regions. May not take that in any way obstruct the free movement of persons and property between the regions. Can not restrict the right of citizens to exercise anywhere in the country in their profession, employment or work.
121. The bodies of the region: the regional council, the council and its president. The Regional Council shall exercise the legislative and regulatory attributed to the Region and the other functions conferred by the Constitution and laws. It may submit bills to Parliament. The Regional Council is the executive body of the Regions. The President of the Executive represents the Region, promulgates laws and i regolamenti regionali; dirige le funzioni amministrative delegate dallo Stato alla Regione, conformandosi alle istruzioni del Governo centrale.
122. Il sistema d'elezione, il numero e i casi di ineleggibilità e di incompatibilità dei consiglieri regionali sono stabiliti con legge della Repubblica. Nessuno può appartenere contemporaneamente a un Consiglio regionale e ad una delle Camere del Parlamento o ad un altro Consiglio regionale. Il Consiglio elegge nel suo seno un presidente e un ufficio di presidenza per i propri lavori. I consiglieri regionali non possono essere chiamati a rispondere delle opinioni espresse e dei voti dati nell' esercizio delle loro funzioni. Il Presidente ed i membri della Giunta sono eletti dal Consiglio regionale tra i its components.
123. Each region has a statute which, in harmony with the Constitution and laws of the Republic lays down rules on the internal organization of the Region. The statute shall regulate the exercise of initiative and referendum on laws and administrative measures of the Region and the publication of laws and regional regulations. The statute is approved by the Regional Council by an absolute majority of its members, and is approved by the Law of the Republic.
124. A government commissioner, resident in the capital of the region, oversees the administrative functions exercised by the State and coordinates with those exercised by the Region.
125. Control legittimità sugli atti amministrativi della Regione è esercitato, in forma decentrata, da un organo dello Stato, nei modi e nei limiti stabiliti da leggi della Repubblica. La legge può in determinati casi ammettere il controllo di merito, al solo effetto di promuovere, con richiesta motivata, il riesame della deliberazione da parte del Consiglio regionale. Nella Regione sono istituiti organi di giustizia amministrativa di primo grado, secondo l'ordinamento stabilito da legge della Repubblica. Possono istituirsi sezioni con sede diversa dal capoluogo della Regione.
126. Il Consiglio regionale può essere sciolto, quando compia atti contrari alla Costituzione o gravi violazioni di legge, o non corrisponda all'invito del Governo di sostituire the Board or the President, who have completed similar acts or violations. Can be terminated when, due to resignation or inability to form a majority, is unable to function. It can also be dissolved for reasons of national security. The dissolution was ordered by reasoned decree of the President, after consultation with a committee of Deputies and Senators for regional affairs in the manner prescribed by the Law of the Republic. By decree of dissolution has appointed a commission of three citizens eligible for the Regional Council, which calls elections within three months and provides for the routine administration of the jurisdiction of the Board and delayed the proceedings, to be submitted to the ratification of the new Consiglio.
127. Ogni legge approvata dal Consiglio regionale è comunicata al Commissario che, salvo il caso di opposizione da parte del Governo, deve vistarla nel termine di trenta giorni dalla comunicazione. La legge è promulgata nei dieci giorni dalla apposizione del visto ed entra in vigore non prima di quindici giorni dalla sua pubblicazione. Se una legge è dichiarata urgente dal Consiglio regionale, e il Governo della Repubblica lo consente, la promulgazione e l'entrata in vigore non sono subordinate ai termini indicati. Il Governo della Repubblica, quando ritenga che una legge approvata dal Consiglio regionale ecceda la competenza della Regione o contrasti con gli interessi nazionali o con quelli di altre Regione, la rinvia al Consiglio regionale within the time fixed for the endorsement. Where the Regional Council approve the new absolute majority of its members, the Government of the Republic may, within fifteen days of communication, raise the question of legality before the Constitutional Court, or the one responsible for conflict of interest in front of the room. In case of doubt, the Court will decide who is competent.
128. Provinces and municipalities are autonomous entities within the principles laid down by the general laws of the Republic, which determine the functions.
129. Provinces and municipalities are also divisions of state and regional decentralization. The provincial boundaries can be divided into districts with duties solely amministrative per un ulteriore decentramento.
130. Un organo della Regione, costituito nei modi stabiliti da legge della Repubblica, esercita, anche in forma decentrata, il controllo di legittimità sugli atti delle Province, dei Comuni e degli altri enti locali. In casi determinati dalla legge può essere esercitato il controllo di merito, nella forma di richiesta motivata agli enti deliberanti di riesaminare la loro deliberazione.
131. Sono costituite le seguenti Regioni: Piemonte; Valle d'Aosta; Lombardia; Trentino-Alto Adige; Veneto; Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Liguria; Emilia-Romagna; Toscana; Umbria; Marche; Lazio; Abruzzi e Molise; Campania; Puglia; Basilicata; Calabria; Sicilia; Sardegna.
132. It can be read with the Constitution, after consultation with the Regional Councils, a merger of the existing Regions or the creation of new Regions having a minimum of one million inhabitants, when requested by many municipal councils representing at least one third of the populations concerned, and the proposal is approved by referendum by a majority of said populations. You may, by referendum and the law of the Republic, having heard the Regional Councils, to allow provinces and municipalities that request it, are disconnected from one region to another and aggregates.
133. The change of provincial boundaries and the institution of new Provinces within a region are regulated by the laws of the Republic, on initiatives of the municipalities, in consultation with the Region. The region, the peoples concerned, through its laws may establish new municipalities in its territory and modify their districts and names.
Title VI. Constitutional guarantees
Section I. The Constitutional Court
134. The Constitutional Court judges: Controversies on the constitutionality of laws and enactments having the force of law, the State and the Regions; on conflicts of jurisdiction between state powers and those between the State and the Regions, and between region, the accusations against the President of the Republic and the Ministers, under the Constitution.
135. The Constitutional Court is composed of fifteen judges, a third nominated by the President of the Republic, a third by Parliament in joint session and a third by the ordinary and administrative supreme courts. The Constitutional Court judges are chosen from among retired judges, including Supreme Court of the ordinary and administrative. The Constitutional Court judges are chosen from among retired judges, including Supreme Court of the ordinary and administrative, university professors and lawyers in legal matters after twenty years of operation. The Constitutional Court judges are appointed for nine years, beginning in each case from the day of the oath, and may not be reappointed. On expiry of the Constitutional Court ceases to hold office and exercise of the functions. The Court shall elect from among its members, according to the rules laid down by law, the President, who shall hold office for three years and may be reelected, in any case, the expiry term of gudice. The office of judge shall be incompatible with membership of Parliament, a Regional Council, with the exercise of the legal profession and with every appointment and office indicated by law. In impeachment against the President of the Republic, apart from the ordinary judges of the Court, sixteen members chosen by lot from a list of citizens who are qualified for election to the Senate, the Parliament prepares every nine years through election using the same procedures for the appointment of judges.
136. When the Court declares unconstitutional a provision of law or enactment having the force of law, the law ceases to have effect the day following the publication of the decision. The decision of the Court shall be published and be notified of the Chambers and the Regional Councils concerned, so that, if he considers it necessary, shall act in conformity with constitutional procedures.
137. A constitutional law shall establish the conditions, forms, terms of proposing judgments on constitutionality, and the guarantees of the independence of judges. Ordinary laws are established other rules relating to the establishment and functioning of the Court. Against the decision of the Constitutional Court shall be no appeal.
Section II. Revision of the Constitution. Constitutional Laws
138. Laws amending the Constitution and other constitutional laws are adopted by each House after two successive debates at intervals of not less than three months, and shall be approved by an absolute majority of the members of each house in the second vote. The laws are submitted to popular referendum when, within three months of their publication, such request is one-fifth of the members of a House or five hundred thousand voters or five regional councils. The law submitted a referendum is not promulgated if not approved by a majority of valid votes. Shall not be held to a referendum if the law was passed in the second vote of each of the Houses by a majority of two thirds of its members.
139. The form of Republic shall not be subject to constitutional review.
Transitional and Final Provisions
I. With the entry into force of the Constitution of the Provisional Head of State shall exercise the powers of the President and assume that title.
II. If the date of the election of the President of the Republic does not consist of all the regional councils, participate in the election, only members of both houses.
III. For the first composition of the Senate, senators are appointed by decree of the President of the Republic, Members of the Constituent Assembly if they meet the legal requirements for senators and that: they have been presidents of the Council of Ministers or of the Legislative Assemblies, have was a member of the dissolved Senate had included at least three elections to the Constituent Assembly, were dismissed at the sitting of the Chamber of Deputies on 9 November 1926, have served the sentence of imprisonment of not less than five years after conviction in court Special Defence fascist state. Senators are appointed also, by decree of President of the Republic, members of the dissolved Senate that were part of the National Council. The right to be appointed senator may withdraw before the signing of the decree of appointment. Acceptance of candidacy in elections constitute renunciation of the right to be appointed senator.
IV. For the first election of the Senate is regarded as the Molise Region in itself, with the number of senators who compete based on its population.
V. The provision of Article 80 of the Constitution with regard to international treaties which impose financial burdens or changes in the law, effective from the date of convocation of Parliament.
VI. Within five years after entry into force of the Constitution, the revision of the structures existing special jurisdiction, excluding the jurisdiction of the State Council, the Court of Auditors and the military tribunals. Within one year from the same date, a law shall provide for the adjustment of the Supreme Military Court in relation to Article 111.
VII (*). Until the new law is enacted on the Judiciary in accordance with the Constitution, continue to observe the provisions in force. Until it is operational on the Constitutional Court, the decision of disputes mentioned in Article 134 shall be conducted in the manner and within the limits of existing standards of entry into force of the Constitution.
(*) As amended by Article 7 of Law Constitutional November 22, 1967, No.2.
VIII. The elections of regional councils and the elected bodies of provincial administration shall be called within one year after entry into force of the Constitution. Laws of the Republic shall regulate for every branch of public administration the passage of the state functions attributed to the regions. Until such time as the reorganization and distribution of administrative functions among the local authorities, remaining with the provinces and the municipalities currently performing the functions and others which the Regions may delegate to them the exercise. Laws of the Republic shall regulate the transfer to the Regions of officials and employees of the State, including central government, which is necessitated by the new provisions. Per la formazione dei loro uffici le Regioni devono, tranne che in casi di necessità, trarre il proprio personale da quello dello Stato e degli enti locali.
IX. La Repubblica, entro tre anni dall'entrata in vigore della Costituzione, adeguata le sue leggi alle esigenze delle autonomie locali e alla competenza legislativa attribuita alle Regioni.
X. Alla Regione del Friuli-Venezia Giulia, di cui all'articolo 116, si applicano provvisoriamente le norme generali del Titolo V della parte seconda, ferma restando la tutela delle minoranze linguistiche in conformità con l'articolo 6.
XI (*). Fino a cinque anni dall'entrata in vigore della Costituzione si possono, con leggi costituzionali, formare altre Regioni, amending the list referred to in Article 131, even without the conditions requested by the first paragraph of Article 132, however, still remains the obligation to consult the peoples concerned.
(*) Constitutional Law March 18, 1958, No 1, extended the deadline until December 31, 1963.
XII. It is forbidden to reorganize, in any form, the dissolved fascist party. Notwithstanding Article 48, shall be determined by law, for not more than five years after entry into force of the Constitution, temporary limitations on voting rights and eligibility for the leaders responsible for the fascist regime.
XIII. The members and descendants of the House of Savoy are not voters and not possono ricoprire uffici pubblici ne cariche elettive. Agli ex re di Casa Savoia, alle loro consorti e ai loro discendenti maschi sono vietati l'ingresso e il soggiorno nel territorio nazionale. I beni, esistenti nel territorio nazionale, degli ex re di Casa Savoia, delle loro consorti e dei loro discendenti maschi, sono avocati allo Stato. I trasferimenti e le costituzioni di diritti reali sui beni stessi, che siano avvenuti dopo il 2 giugno 1946, sono nulli.
XIV. I titoli nobiliari non sono riconosciuti. I predicati di quelli esistenti prima del 28 ottobre 1922 valgono come parte del nome. L'Ordine mauriziano è conservato come ente ospedaliero e funziona nei modi stabiliti dalla legge. La legge regola la soppressione della Consulta araldica.
XV. With the entry into force of the Constitution was enacted into law by the deputy legislative decree 25 June 1944, No 151 on the provisional organization of the state.
XVI. Within one year after entry into force of the Constitution shall review and coordinate it with the previous constitutional laws that are not been explicitly or implicitly repealed.
XVII. The Constituent Assembly will be convened by its President to decide, before 31 January 1948 on the law for the election of the Senate, on the special regional statutes and the law governing the press. Until the day of elections for the new houses, the Constituent Assembly may be called, when it is necessary to decide on matters assigned to its jurisdiction by Article 2, first and second paragraphs, and 3, the first and second paragraph, of Legislative Decree 16 March 1946, No 98. At that time the Standing Committees shall continue in office. Those laws refer to the Government draft legislation, submitted to them, with their observations and proposals for amendments. Members may submit questions to the Government with a request for written answers. The Constituent Assembly, the effects of the second paragraph of this Article, shall be convened by its President at the request of the Government or at least two hundred members.
XVIII. This Constitution shall be promulgated by the provisional Head of State within cinque giorni dalla sua approvazione da parte dell'Assemblea Costituente, ed entra in vigore il 1° gennaio 1948. Il testo della Costituzione è depositato nella sala comunale di ciascun Comune della Repubblica per rimanervi esposto, durante tutto l'anno 1948, affinché ogni cittadino possa prenderne cognizione. La Costituzione, munita del sigillo dello Stato, sarà inserita nella Raccolta ufficiale delle leggi e dei decreti della Repubblica. La Costituzione dovrà essere fedelmente osservata come legge fondamentale della Repubblica da tutti i cittadini e dagli organi dello Stato.
